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Analysis Of The Poem Daedalus And Icarus - 1643 Words

Daedalus and Icarus It was a long, cold night, here in the depths of my father s creation, the Labyrinth. Suddenly I heard a loud grumbling noise and quickly realized that it was my stomach. The mere thought of food made me even more famished since we haven t been treated to a good meal since my father and I have been imprisoned here. The Labyrinth, once a blessing built my the master architect who just so happened to be my father, is now a hell s prison that has no visible escape. Contemplating back to the day we were imprisoned, that was the day my envy for King Minos has increased by tenfold as he so unjustifiably believed that my father, Daedalus, had helped those pesky Athenians find a way out of the Labyrinth. Now we have to suffer the eternity of this maze and possibly never see beautiful civilization again. Even the thought of that fool of a king, makes my arms tremble and as I could see my veins pop out of my hands. I soon realized that thinking about the king and civiliza tion is no use, since in the end, we re still stuck in this maze and most likely will be for the rest of our lives. During this time, I noticed from the corner of my eye, a dark figure, my father. I turn my head to see him in a dark, gloomy corner down the hallway by himself fidgeting with his old hands then looking out a crevice in the wall. His clothes are now almost rags with countless amount of holes. No one ever knows what that crazy fool is inventing next, but I could feel that heShow MoreRelatedQuotation Analysis Of Gilgamesh1270 Words   |  6 PagesPart A: Quotation Analysis A. The similes used by the speaker help depict his lover’s image. He compares the movement of the separate strands of her hair like goats traveling down the side of a mountain. The speaker also compares when her teeth first appear as she smiles like a flock of sheep that arise after being washed. In his similes, the depiction of the flock of animals is repeated by the speaker in order to show that his lover is very fertile and the two should stick together. This sectionRead MoreMusà ©e des Beaux Arts by W. H. Auden Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pageslooking up, to see what is actually going on. Auden illustrates societies’ indifference to human suffering through the form of his poem and by alluding to artwork that compares human perceptions and juxtaposes ordinary images with images of suffering and tragedy. The form of Musà ©e des Beaux Arts plays an influential role in the way the poem’s content is conveyed. Auden’s poem appears to be divided into two separate parts. The first thirteen lines provide the reader with a general overview or introductionRead MorePoetry Essay Prompt2545 Words   |  11 PagesLiterature Poetry Essay Prompts (1970–2011) 1970 Poem: â€Å"Elegy for Jane† (Theodore Roethke) Prompt: Write an essay in which you describe the speakers attitude toward his former student, Jane. 1971 Poem: â€Å"The Unknown Citizen† (W.H. Auden) Prompt: In a brief essay, identify at least two of the implications implicit in the society reflected in the poem. Support your statements by specific references to the poem. 1972 NO POEM 1973 (exam not available) 1974 Poem: â€Å"I wonder whether one expects...† (No poetRead MoreHow I Read Literature Like A Professor Notes3177 Words   |  13 Pagesor another Chapter 4- Sonnets †¢ Characteristics of sonnets o 14 lines o Iambic pentameter o Lines have 10 syllables o 10 syllables is as long as 14 lines- square o There are always 2 sections- each meaning with its own meaning (although connected) o Poem is written in lines but read in sentences (stopping at the end of each line will make no sense) †¢ Petrarchan Sonnets- o First stanza is composed of 8 lines, and the second is composed of 6 o Each stanza contains a rhyme scheme o The first 8 lines containRead MoreWalking in the City Essay4064 Words   |  17 Pagesa writer such as Walter Benjamin found in the nineteenth-century leisured observer or flà ¢neur. â€Å"Walking in the city† has been very influential in recent cultural studies just because of the way that it uses both imagination and technical semiotic analysis to show how everyday life has particular value when it takes place in the gaps of larger power structures. Further reading: Ahearne 1995; de Certeau 1984; Harvey 1985; Lefebvre 1971; Morris 1990; Rigby 1991. I WAL KING IN THE CIT Y 127

Infection Control Free Essays

Assessment Criteria 1. 1explain employees’ roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection 1. 2explain employers’ responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection [CU311. We will write a custom essay sample on Infection Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2] Understand legislation and policies relating to prevention and control of infections Assessment Criteria 2. 1outline current legislation and regulatory body standards which are relevant to the prevention and control of infection 2. 2describe local and organisational policies relevant to the prevention and control of infection [CU311. ] Understand systems and procedures relating to the prevention and control of infections Assessment Criteria Related essay: Outline Procedures For Infection Control in Own Work Setting 3. 1describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection 3. 2explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organisation [CU311. 4] Understand the importance of risk assessment in relation to the prevention and control of infections Assessment Criteria 4. 1define the term ‘risk’ the term risk 4. 2outline potential risks of infection within the workplace 4. 3describe the process of carrying out a risk assessment 4. explain the importance of carrying out a risk assessment [CU311. 5] Understand the importance of using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in the prevention and control of infections Assessment Criteria 5. 1demonstrate correct use of PPE 5. 2describe different types of PPE 5. 3explain the reasons for use of PPE 5. 4state current relevant regulations and legislation relating to PPE 5. 5describe employees’ responsibilities regarding the use of PPE 5. 6describe employers’ responsibili ties regarding the use of PPE 5. 7describe the correct practice in the application and removal of PPE 5. 8describe the correct procedure for disposal of used PPE How to cite Infection Control, Essay examples Infection Control Free Essays You cannot seem to stop vomiting, your head should be permanently embedded in the toilet because you have not moved in ours. You know for sure something is not right at this point because you have never felt this way. You pick yourself off of the bathroom floor and decide to head to the Emergency room. We will write a custom essay sample on Infection Control or any similar topic only for you Order Now Upon your arrival you are escorted to the back to be seen because of the degree of your illness. The doctor comes in your room and asks you a variety of questions such as what you ate, when did the symptoms first begin. You inform your doctor nothing out of the ordinary and proceed to tell the doctor what you have consumed. You proceed to tell the doctor you made a chicken dish 2 nights before. The doctor stops you in your traps, he/she notices that it has been about a day and half since you ate and prepared the chicken and your symptoms that you are currently experiencing. The doctor takes a look at you and says you have food poisoning. The doctor has informed you by either not cooking the chicken properly or the handling of the chicken you have been infected with Salmonella. This situation could have been easily avoided simply by cooking the meat to temperature, handling the chicken with care such as washing your hands right after exposure to the chicken and or wiping down everything that came in contact with the chicken with a confection spray. Infection control is something that can be done and is quite simply at times, sometimes it is as easy as washing your hands. While many people do not practice infection control in their daily lives, using proper infection control can eliminate illness, sickness and even death. â€Å"Food Poisoning†, 2013) Once you have been exposed to an infection and you are experiencing the terrible side effects, you want to know how you could have been infected. First and foremost, infection is spread by tiny little microscopic organisms that we like to refer to as cetera and viruses. These little germs are found everywhere including our environment. Even us humans have germs, they are in our body secretions that includ e our stool and in tiny little droplets that are produced by breathing, coughing and sneezing. Infections are spread through many different ways. The first way that was already stated was through stool. Stool contains germs that cause diarrhea and other infections that affect the intestinal tract that is found in feces. If for some reason a person doesn’t properly demonstrate personal hygiene is can spread wrought contaminated hands, food, water and even other surfaces that the individual encounters. Most importantly these germs spread because they can survive long periods of time. The key to not spreading germs from stool is to properly washing your hands each and every time one uses the laboratory. Another way infection is spread is through droplets. The common cold, influenza, and strep throat to name a few are spread through germs that are found in ones saliva and secretions of the nose. Anytime someone sneezes, coughs or wipes that dreadful runny nose it is coming from the respiratory tract THAT contain germs. These little germs can easily be inhaled or accidental land in someone else nose, mouth or even eye and then they too have now been infected. Like stated before majority of germs can hang around because they can with stand our environment for a long period of time before dying off. Another way is contact with blood. There are numerous types of infection that can be spread by direct contact with blood. It Just takes a break in the skin or even contact with the mucous membranes for instance the nose and eye. Only takes a very small amount of blood to spread infection. Therefore anytime blood or body laid are seen handle with care, such as always use gloves when handling such items and properly dispose of it and be sure to properly disinfect when the blood has been cleared up. Direct physical contact is another way infection is spread. For example ringworm and impetigo is easily spread by physical contact. Contaminated objects such as toys, bottles, and pacifiers are easy conductors for germs because the sick child plays or uses the item. Then the well child comes along and uses it and now they have been exposed. With that said it is imperative for an adult to constantly confecting and assonating toys and other items used by children. (â€Å"How Infections Spread†, 2011) There is variety of ways to help prevent the spread of infection, it is just a matter of practicing the strategies. The first and most important strategy to ensure that infection will not spread is to simply wash your hands. According to Elizabeth Gillespie (2009),† It is now recognized that hand hygiene is the primarily measure for infection prevention. † She continues to add, † When performed well, it reduces transmission of microbial pathogens both in community and in healthcare setting. Basically in a nutshell wash your hands to prevent whatever you have touched or were exposed to. Another way to prevent infection is environmental hygiene, one of the key sources for infection to spread is through environmental surfaces. Some types of bacteria have been proven to survive for months on environmental surfaces. Therefore when a person touches these surfaces with their hands or even another type of skin contact the infection is then transmitted from the surface to the individual. With that said it is very important to keep surfaces clean and disinfected. The third way to prevent infection is to get vaccinated. Vida, 2013) According to â€Å"The Free Dictionary, 2013† vaccination is defined as â€Å"A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen’s structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. † Getting vaccinated at a young age and continuing to keep up with vaccination throughout your life can help prevent the spread of virus’ and bacteria such as Smallpox, Rubella, and even influenza during flu season. In order to ensure that infection does not make it to the individual to be able to infect their system, there are two ways to stop the germs in their track and that is by disinfecting and sterilizing. While the two both have the same Job and that is to decontaminate, they do two different things. For example disinfection is the action of eliminating and or reducing toxic germs that live on objects and surface. On the other hand sterilization is the process of actually killing the germs. Sterilizing even goes has far as to kill the spores of different types of germs that occupy in liquids, surfaces and surrounding areas. Some types of disinfectants are air disinfectants, alcohols, alludes, oxidize agents and phenols. Some examples of sterilization are steam, heat, chemicals sterilization and sterile filtration. Disinfection is used more for air and surfaces, where as sterilization is used to kill germs on food, medicine and surgical instruments. (Ritual, Ph. D. , M. P. H. Weber, Ph. D. , M. P. H. , 2008) It is quite easy to prevent the transmission of infection. The most important key to eliminating the spread of infection is using safety measures to ensure you do not become contaminated or how to avoid contamination all together. Like stated previously infection is spread a number of ways however person to person contact is the most relative because people are simply not washing their hands. Hand washing can easily eliminate this problem , however there is more to it then simply Just running your hand through water. In order to ensure you are killing the germs you must apply soap and to rub your hands together for at least 15 seconds. Some people like to sing the â€Å"BBC† song or even â€Å"Happy Birthday’ song to ensure they are utilizing the 1 5 second rule. Be sure to wash all soap off and dry your hands . To secure the washing of your hands try to turn the faucet off and open the bathroom with your elbow. One can also use hand sanitized or rubbing alcohol when washing of the hands is not an option. Infection is also spread through the body naturally mechanism of coughing and sneezing. A cough and or sneeze can go as far as three feet or more once it has been produced and performed. However by covering you mouth and nose when sneezing and or cough it eliminates the germs from traveling and spreading to the air. The use of tissues when coughing or sneezing will allow the germs to be confined o the tissue and a little on your hands. After you have disposed of the tissue make sure you wash your hands to protect the surfaces and others you may encounter. Also use common courtesy when you know you are sick. With that said try to remain at least three feet away from other people and use a mask if possible to avoid the spread when coughing or sneezing. Avoid shaking hands with other people and try to not touch others while you are sick. If these precautions are used on a daily basis it can ensure that germs are not spread saves you a trip to the doctor. (â€Å"Preventing The Spread Of Infection: Standard Precautions†, 2012) Infection control is important to utilize in today’s world. There are a variety of germs that can make one sick and enough can cause death. If more people in the world practiced infection control there would be less bacteria and virus, it can be Just as simple as washing your hands. There are signs and advertisements everywhere concerning the need for infection control. You walk into a public bathroom and it is telling you wash your hands. Some places have done away with manual towel dispenser and opt for dryer for hands to avoid touching the dispenser. How to cite Infection Control, Papers

Investigation Expanding Turbulence Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Investigation Expanding Turbulence. Answer: Introduction The fundamental worry of this investigation is to talk about the "expanding turbulence in the outer business condition has featured the consideration on the assets and the authoritative limits as the available source of comparable advantages". According to the announcement made by certain knowledgeable person, reasonable improvement can't occur without implementing innovative ideas (Fr?czek et al., 2016). The difficulties previously faced by the organization are to create inventive methodologies, which not just react to the ecological changes and additionally the societal weight yet in addition incorporate the need and the desires of a few interested parties or share holders. The aim of the exploration undertaking can feature how an association inside a developing business sector economy changed the hierarchical system from being a decision maker. The associations would adjust the changing in the outside condition, which would happen because of the worldwide financial emergency. This examination will include the effect of having to the developing framework, on the point of confinement and the progression of the authoritative objective. An investigation on holding as affiliation auxiliary affiliations can't be done without abnormal state examination. Therefore, this article would investigate the monetary turmoil, which is the period of overall cash related crisis or The Global Financial emergency in the midst of 2008, 2009 (Ferreira et al.,2013). The importance of controlling the consolidating framework inside the affiliations would diminish the weakness, and furthermore build up the consistency. Along these lines, this would ensure that various leveled direct would separate the parts of the affiliation, which would be impeccable and reinforce the legitimate destinations. The overall trade contracted quickly and moreover altogether in the midst of the season of overall crisis. This would influence isolation to the business to condition and besides the demand of most of the affiliations. Competitive advantage and strategic environment: Activities resulting in definition and execution of procedures that are being intended for accomplishing the authoritative destinations. Vital administration is troubled in characterizing the execution of association alongside the key selection of factors and upper hand. The genuine piece of high ground may make from the perspectives of military and economy acceptance of strategy composing. Indispensable organization has in a general sense been a gathering of discovering that underscores boss with rational direction. Concierge's dispute for high ground was that it is a broad determinant for more noteworthy achievement (Dash, Pattnaik Rath, 2016). An organization's gigantic execution shows from the plausible high grounds realizing Ricardian leases and forcing plan of action rents. Ricardian rents convey resources that are firm specific by slippery and internal data sources like organization and adapting, however, Ricardian rents evaluates reestablishing purposes of enthusiasm over a period by headway. Market-Based View (MBV): The Market-Based perspective of methodology sees that variables identified with industry and introductions of outer market are the prime determinants of accomplishment of firms. The system of Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) and Porter's Five Forces Model are two of the better-known speculations in this section. A company's key position is an unambiguous arrangement of exercises that are not the same as their opponents. Then again, an association's key position is expressed on ways it achieve comparable kind of exercises to different firms, yet in ways that are extraordinary. The Market Based View considers the purpose of school of hypotheses of technique and speculations enhanced in the financial period of mechanical association of Hoskisson's formative record of vital reasoning. Amid this minute, the aggregate spotlight was on outside and natural variables of the firm. While detailing systems, firms make their very own general estimation upper hand through appropriate evaluation of the outside condition contingent upon the Porter's Five Forces Model (Csikszentmihalyi Sawyer, 2014). Watchman's five powers consider: obstruction to passage, providers haggling power, purchasers dealing power, contender contention and danger of substitutes. This expresses the market energy of a firm and its near execution. A firm under imposing business model performs better having solid market position. Ventures that are having high obstructions to section for new organizations prompts decrease in the opposition, consequently promising better execution. The Porter's Five Forces display encourages associations in investigating the current circumstance existing in their industry structurally. Be that as it may, similar to each other model, it has its impediments as well. Watchman's model considers the exemplary market, which in the present situation is improbable. Also, certain ventures are observed to be exceptionally unpredictable taking in the different between connections, making it entangled in dissecting the Porte's Five Forces Model. Resource-Based View: The asset based view considers the inner condition of a firm that drives the upper hand, accentuating on the assets increased by firms for contending in the earth. Amid early formative methodologies of Hoskisson's record of development of key reasoning, the attention has been on the associations inside elements. Researchers have recommended that Chandler and Ansoff have been compelling in influencing sound commitments en to course for Resource-View based procedure (Donaldson Preston, 2018). The asset based perspective of system has emerged as an acknowledged hypothesis of upper hand. The asset based view influenced Wernerfelt to see firm as gathering of benefits that have been fixing semi-for all time to the firm. An association's assets have been expressed as the essential wellspring of upper hand. It has been contended that Resource based view ignores the request of market and just points its concentration towards the inner assets, with a portion of the researchers contending to t he way that the inward and the outside components can't ever be isolated (Chen et al.,2016). A few researchers have called attention to the huge connection existing between the inside fortitude of a firm and the outside economic situations. The affiliation that subsists between the individual firm and the relationship of relationship in which the firm is settled in that is critical for the upper hand. For having upper hand, the firm needs to enlarge capability and belonging that would be precarious in imitating by the contenders, that is immaterial asset like learning and notoriety. External competitive environments It can be expressed that the outer variables are buyers, contenders, neighborhood condition and the providers. With the assistance of Porter's jewel structure, the administration would feature the dynamism of the neighborhood hierarchical condition as far as request conditions, the nearness of the associated and the supporting markets, more grounded factor gifts and alternate contenders. The four kinds that are explained are`: In this situation of favorable condition, the outer aggressive regions are powerless. In a generous situation with the contenders and the customers, the association would be lethargic yet exceptionally beneficial. In this specific circumstance, He reprimanded that the circumstance of the association could never make strides. Under the unpredictable authoritative condition with the contenders and the request of the purchasers, the association would wind up must aggressive (Botha, Kourie Snyman, 2014). Under Dual focused competitive environment, a definitive situation is where there are more grounded both the inside and the outer focused condition. At first, this offers the best of the two universes in that the backup require to figure out how to make it focused in light of the outer premise. In the meantime, the double concentration would prompt the inside strains because of the officials battle to determine the clashing the requests from the hierarchical environment. It is realized that development is the approach of making and fusing another thought. It is the strategy of thinking about fundamental thoughts and changing over them into the important merchandise and enterprises (Carroll Buchholtz, 2014). These helpful thoughts are considered as the results inventiveness and these are essential for authoritative advancement (Beynon-Davies, 2013). Then again, it can be surmised that inventiveness can consolidate the thoughts and ideas in an exceptional way, which can enhance the authoritative execution. Furthermore, development is useful to put the anticipated hierarchical thoughts vigorously. The Birkinshaw and Morrisons typology highlights three types of subsidiaries, which would be differentiated by strategy: A termed situation is where there are more stranded both the inner and the outside focused condition. At first, this offers the best of the two universes in that the auxiliary require to figure out how to make it aggressive in view of the outside premise. In the meantime, the double concentration would prompt the inside strains because of the administrators battle to determine the clashing the requests from the hierarchical environment (Orlitzky et al., 2013). It is realized that development is the approach of making and joining another thought. It is the strategy of thinking about basic thoughts and changing over them into the vital products and ventures. These helpful thoughts are considered as the results inventiveness and these are essential for authoritative advancement (Zhang Wu, 2016). Then again, it can be derived that innovativeness can join the thoughts and ideas in a remarkable way, which can enhance the authoritative execution. What's more, advancement is useful to put the anticipated hierarchical thoughts without hesitation. If there should be an occurrence of the neighborhood implementer, the backup has some particular geographic extension, particularly for the single country and extremely compelled merchandise or the esteem included. Along these lines, in this association, the part of the backup would adjust worldwide merchandise to the necessities of the nearby market. Then again, if there should be an occurrence of specific giver, the backup included extensive ability inside the clear activities or capacities (Yamak, Nielsen Escrib-Esteve, 2014). Consequently, it is described by the tight arrangement of significant worth capacities, the larger amounts of association alongside the partnered auxiliaries. Under the world command, the backups would build up the execute technique. The backup had the worldwide or the provincial obligation regarding a distinct merchandise or the whole business. The auxiliaries had unconstrained item scope alongside the wide esteem included degree. In this manner, this is t he way the backups would be proficient to accomplish the 'decentralized centralization'. Therefore, the activities are globally integrated. Then again, it proposed to utilize Williamson's wording as here the corporate oversee over the distinct auxiliary. It can be considered as the administration instrument and it can control the exchange between the focal auxiliaries (Wong et al., 2014). It features that such of these exchanges alongside the three clear real measurements and these measurements are capital streams, item streams and in conclusion the information streams. The multinational companies are considered as the system of capital, item and the information exchanges in regards to the units situated inside the few nations. Knowledge Management as part of Resource-Based View: Firms possessing excellent knowledge are able to synchronize and coalesce their traditional resources in ways that are fresh and unique, offering more value to customers that their rivals. A firm having superior intellectual resources needs to appreciate and improve on their traditional resources. Thereby, knowledge can be considered an important facet in strategic resource having the capability to produce, marshal and operate it in forming a supporting competitive advantage. It is the presence of tactic knowledge along with the context-specific facade sustained in the complex routines of organizations, developed from experience. Such organizational knowledge takes hold of four characteristics, which are; being priceless, being inimitable, being rare and being non-substitutable (Singh Mahmood, 2014) . Its value results in developed products, technologies and services. It is inimitable as it forms an exclusive past history of the organization has and accrue expertise. It is rare in the sense that it depends on the information and understanding of previous and currents set of employees as is built on definite organizational aforementioned knowledge. It is non-substitutable, as the things that have been once being formed and used cannot be simulated. The resource based view of firm states strategic assets to be a rare phenomenon, one that is valuable and cannot be surrogated. Knowledge is considered to a strategic asset having the potential of being a sourc e of the organizations competitive advantage. Knowledge management harnessed by organization providing competitive advantage: Views based on resources says that an association's reasonable upper hand is subsequent of its assets where there is presence of enough situations where firms don't deal with the assets they require. This is by and large all around expressed by the Resource Dependence hypothesis. On the opposite side, institutional hypothesis assesses the ways firms protect their positions and realness through consistence of the standards and principles of the institutional condition. This helps with building abilities that offers one firm exceptional skills that goes about as a premise of the economical upper hand (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). With the start of learning administration, reasonable capital has been sufficiently increasing acknowledgment as a genuine arranged resource. This has prompted the proliferation of authoritative learning administration framework (OKMS), for treatment of the scholarly capital. There are two perspectives of the OKMS; the socio-specialized and the specialized view. An assessment is being done on the impression of each OKMS that is being available and their resultant infers on the aggressive circumstance of the firm. As indicated by the discoveries, an association with a specific end goal to receive long haul planned rewards from OKMS, it should consider the bigger perspective of socio-specialized when enhancing, executing and dealing with its OKMS. This prescribes firms need to have confidence in the innovative perspective as well as the foundation of the association, the way of life of the association and the general population who plot the OKMS and the colleague that is being prepared by these OKMS. Upper hand encourages a firm in considering whether its hierarchical learning in a vital way is conceivable through imprisonment and sharing of the information by means of the OKMS. Considering the industry of fashion which is mainly based on creativity the whole situation can be analyzed. Strategic learning causes form fashioners to initiate their manifestations, bringing forth new thoughts that are viewed as shocking yet extremely profitable. In the current situation, it one can see that conspicuousness on learning and information administration has produced enough enthusiasm for the introduction surmisings of the hierarchical learning administration and different practices. The hypothesis of information making firms reveals the capacity of constantly producing new learning from the abilities of existing firms that relates to the esteem included ownership of the firm. Information administration ends up essential yet just through administrative association encouraging sharing of met hodical learning. In BP Amoco, British oil's Mother organization, the program of information administration sprung up out of previous CEO John Brownie's constrain of making a learning association. English Petroleum set out to relate learning crosswise over areas, divisions and importance. It made a stride more distant than the underlying stream of information that offers unequivocal learning. The pool of information has been the fundamental establishment for learning sharing. It can be presumed that information sharing is critical for an association's upper hand like seen in BP Amoco. Information administration in BP Amoco created expanded profitability and enough speeding up in getting the hang of, prompting better basic leadership and increment in the advancement of skill in addition to other things. The hypothetical examination can make a relationship between the backup key settings and additionally the corporate control systems is relying on the some positive key contentions (Freeman, 2014). Right off the bat, a few auxiliaries key would allude a few undertaking situations for the backup chiefs for the level of parallel relationship and the level of worldwide duty and in addition additionally for the need for the nearby activity. Furthermore, extraordinary assignment conditions require a few practices on the setting of backup supervisors. Thirdly, extraordinary control components would feature and bolster a few kinds of administrative practices. Therefore, fourth, it can be accepted that the standards of managerial reasonability in hierarchical outline. It can be normal that there would be deliberate connection among the auxiliary vital settings and in addition the development of the positive corporate control systems. It can be said that the development of the best administration group will be fluctuated over the backup key setting, the proportion of ostracizes as the extent of best administration group will be different in the in the few vital setting (Bowie, 2017). In this association, it can be said that hierarchical socialization is the system with which an individual would have the capacity to find out about the practices and the attractive inside the work setting. Despite what might be expected, He contended that socialization of the administrators is the effective component for building up the distinguishing proof and the responsibility regarding the organization overall.Moreover, few of the prestigious essayists suggested that self-administration is the basic acquaint inside the helper's capacity with participate being developed . In this exemplification, one might say that focal station's control of subunit direct and the progressive execution is the essential facilitated limit in most of the brain boggling affiliations. As indicated by the various leveled speculation, the loss of control starting with one level of the association then onto the next would happen due to the impression of limiting variable in a legitimate layout and definitive structure. This would basically choose how an affiliation would end up being considerable or complex ( Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). It was pointed that independence includes the adaptability or the flexibility of the reinforcement, this would be helpful for the decisions. In this reason, one might say that parent association factors would consider the corporate culture and moreover the organization style, legitimate mission and business goals, various leveled orchestrating and supervise instruments and the association with the helpers, which would affect the assistant self-administration. In addition, considers included that self-run is the factor for reinforcement exercises and it anticipated that would the augmentation of the pi ece of the helper. More especially, it can be indicated that higher self-administration is related with the adjacent and what's more the overall market exercises. Of course, cut down freedom is related with the hybrid exercises and the internal market. As needs be, it can be assembled that learning has created in light of the intentionally significant resources for most of the affiliations. Conclusion This study highlighted the role of organizational learning as well as the knowledge of management in innovation. From the above analysis, it can be observed that in todays environment, all of the organizations are concerned with the change of demands for radical change and also for the incremental change. In addition, globalization and the market segmentation have reinforced as per the organizational necessity in order to differentiate, exploitation and also leverage the intangible assets. With the help of experimentation, the organizational practices and technologies would be able to supervise the performance of the organization. It can be mentioned that control mechanisms would be interpreted and would use to represent not only the formal control process, which are available for making decisions as well as actions for the subsidiaries. The cross-unit committees, integrator roles as well as the matrix formation are the key structural determinants for the coordination among the subun its within the organization(He, 2015, August). The significantmanagement of lower interdependence needs less complex integrated mechanisms. The organizational strategies, organizational structure and the communication practices would design to motivate the innovations and change. Organizations, which string together a series of temporary and the adequate benefits, would outperform organizations for the long period of time. The capacity is differentiated depending on how the organizations are depending effectively to integrate theirinnovation management practices. The rising turbulence in the external organizational environment has aimed to the attention on the organizational resources as well as the organizational capabilities due to the principal source of competitive advantage. This study also highlights how an organization would incorporate the changing in the environment influenced by the global financial downturn. References Beynon-Davies, P. (2013).Business information systems. Palgrave Macmillan. Botha, A., Kourie, D., Snyman, R. (2014).Coping with continuous change in the business environment:Knowledge management and knowledge management technology. Bowie, N. E. (2017).Business ethics: A Kantian perspective. Cambridge University Press. Carroll, A., Buchholtz, A. (2014).Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Chen, J., Cumming, D., Hou, W., Lee, E. (2016). Does the external monitoring effect of financial analysts deter corporate fraud in China?.Journal of Business Ethics,134(4), 727-742. Csikszentmihalyi, M., Sawyer, K. (2014). Shifting the focus from individual to organizational creativity. InThe Systems Model of Creativity(pp. 67-71). Springer Netherlands. Dash, P., Pattnaik, S., Rath, B. (2016). Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) as tools for developing customer relationship management as external uncertain environment: A case study with reference to State Bank of India.Indian Journal of Science and Technology,9(4). Donaldson, T., Preston, L. E. (2018). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence, and implications.Academy of management Review,20(1), 65-91. Ferreira, F. N. H., Proena, J. F., Spencer, R., Cova, B. (2013). The transition from products to solutions: External business model fit and dynamics.Industrial Marketing Management,42(7), 1093-1101. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Ferrell, O. C., Fraedrich, J. (2015).Business ethics: Ethical decision making cases. Nelson Education. Fr?czek, E., Plichta, A., Plichta, P., Wiszniewska, D. (2016). Evaluation of the suitability of study visits to external companies as a strategy for familiarising students with a business environment.Czasopismo Techniczne. Freeman, R. E. (2014). The politics of stakeholder theory: Some future directions.Business ethics quarterly, 409-421. Goodpaster, K. E. (2014). Business ethics.Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. He, Z. (2015, August). External Environment Analysis of Commercial-use drones. In2015-1st International Symposium on Social Science. Atlantis Press. McMurrian, R. C., Matulich, E. (2016). Building customer value and profitability with business ethics.Journal of Business Economics Research (Online),14(3), 83. Orlitzky, M., Schmidt, F. L., Rynes, S. L. (2013). Corporate social and financial performance: A meta-analysis.Organization studies,24(3), 403-441. Singh, H., Mahmood, R. (2014). Manufacturing strategy and export performance of small and medium enterprises in Malaysia: moderating role of external environment.International Journal of Business and Commerce,3(5), 37-52. Wong, W. P., Ahmad, N. H., Nasurdin, A. M., Mohamad, M. N. (2014). The impact of external environmental on business process management and organizational performance.Service Business,8(4), 559-586. Yamak, S., Nielsen, S., Escrib-Esteve, A. (2014). The role of external environment in upper echelons theory: A review of existing literature and future research directions.Group Organization Management,39(1), 69-109. Zhang, J., Wu, W. P. (2016). Leveraging internal resources and external business networks for new product success: A dynamic capabilities perspective.Industrial Marketing Management.

Managerial Accounting Practice Test free essay sample

These activities include all of the following except: planning b. Controlling . Decision making d. Hiring Controllers 2. The act that was intended to protect the interests of those who invest in biblically traded companies by improving the reliability and accuracy of corporate financial reports and disclosures is called Serbians-Solely Act of 2002 .Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 Frank-Todd Act Generally Accepted Accounting Principles Act Managerial Accounting places considerable weight on: 3. A. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles The financial history of the entity . Ensuring that all transactions are properly recoded Providing information to managers for use within the organization 4. The plans of management are often expressed formally in financial statements performance reports . Budgets ledgers 5. Which of the following is NOT one of the Institute of Management Accountants Standards Of Ethical Conduct? A. Competence b. Confidentiality c. Independence d. Integrity 6. Which of the following functions of management involves the process of establishing goals and specifying how to achieve them? Planning Directing . We will write a custom essay sample on Managerial Accounting: Practice Test or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Motivating Decision making 7. The phase of accounting concerned with providing information to managers for use in planning and controlling operations and in decision making is called: a. Throughput time b. Managerial accounting c. Financial accounting d. Controlling 8. Given the following information which procedure would be considered the weakest link (constraint) Doctor referral to an M RI 100 a day Appointments for an MR. 200 a day Follow-up visit 75 a day MR. test 24 a day 9.Read MR. test results 1 O a day Doctor referral to an MR. The Institute of Management Accountants Standards of Ethical Conduct contains a policy regarding confidentiality that requires management accounts: a. Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of their work except when authorized by management b. Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of their work in all situations c. Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of heir work except when authorized by management, unless legally obligated to do so. . Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of their work in all cases since the law ARQ rises them to do so. 10. A management approach that organizes resources such as people and machines around the flow of business processes and that only produces units in response to customer orders is called a. Lean Production (Just In Time) b. Performance report c. Segment d. Strategy 11. Which of the following would be considered a cash outflow in the investing activities section of the statement of cash flows? . Dividends paid to the companys own stockholders b. Moment of interest to a lender c. Purchase of equipment d. Retirement of bonds payable 12. In a statement of cash flows, which of the following would be classified as an operating activity? A. The purchase of equipment b. Dividends paid to the companys own common stockholders c. Payments Of monthly rent d. The cash paid to retire bonds payable 13. In a statement of cash flows, receipts from sales of property, plant and equipment should be classified as a(n): operating activity financing activity c. Investing activity ling activity 14.Which of the following should be classified as a financing activity on a statement Of cash flows? Interest Dividends paid paid a. Yes Yes b. No Yes c. Yes No d. No No 15. A company that had a $500 decrease in accounts receivable during a period would be which of the following on its statement of cash flows prepared using the indirect method? A. Add the $500 to net income in order to arrive at net cash provided by operating activities b. Subtract the $500 from net income in order to arrive at net cash provided by operating activities c. Add the $500 to the net cash revived by investing activities d. Ad the $500 to the net cash provided by financing activities 16. Last year Bradford Companys cash account decreased by $19,000. Net cash used in investing activities was $9,000. Net cash provided by financing activities was $16,000. On the statement of cash flows, the net cash flow provided by (used in) operating activities was: d. $7,000 17. The following events occurred last year at Detours Company: Purchase of plant and equipment $33,000 Sale of long-term investment 1 2,000 Paid off bonds payable 1 5,000 Depreciation expense Dividends received 7,000 6,000Based on the above information, the cash provided (used) by investing activities for the year on the statement of cash flows would net to: 18. Payment of income taxes would appear on the statement of cash flows as part of a. Operating activities b. Investing activities c. Financing activities d. Liabilities activities 19. Depreciation expense, on a statement of cash flows would appear as a A. Decrease in investing section b. Increase in operating section c. Decrease in financing activities d. Decrease in operating section 20. The system by which a company is directed and controlled is called a. Corporate governance . Social responsibility c. Internal control d. Generally accepted accounting principles 21. The difference between total sales in dollars and total variable expenses is called a. Net operating income b. Net profit c. The gross margin d. The contribution margin 22. A company makes custom boats. The wages paid to assemblers who assemble the boats would most likely be classified as a. Indirect labor b. Direct labor c. Manufacturing overhead d. Selling expenses 23.

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature

Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature Tips on Meeting IGCSE and GCSE Equivalent Qualifications in English Literature If you think (and secretly hope) that reading some novels and poems will be enough to pass the test on IGCSE or GCSE equivalent qualifications in English literature, we have to disappoint you – no, it won’t. This certificate proves that you are a holder of a certain number of skills applicable not only in the sphere of English literature but in everyday life. Let’s find out what those skills are and what they mean. So, to be fully prepared for the IGCSE or GCSE in English literature, you need to be able to: Re-Tell the Narrative or Story This is the basic skill that presupposes you are recalling and narrating the story without difficulties. Summarize You have to be capable of naming the main points of the novel or short story. It is a basic but challenging task because, if you get an assignment to write an essay-summary, sticking purely to summing up will not earn you a good grade. Tell the Story in Your Own Words Paraphrasing is the ability that is necessary not only on the English literature exam (being sometimes even harmful if abused) but in business correspondence, writing, communication, etc. Spot the Best Evidence to Support Your Argument If you don’t enforce your point with an example or important detail from the analyzed text, it will not be counted as a fully-featured argument. The examiner will call it an unsubstantiated assertion and take away some scores. Tell apart the Viewpoints Train to understand the difference of viewpoints of various characters from literature works. Determine and Analyse the Theme What is main characters motivation to behave like this, and not the other way around? What is the main theme? As long as you can detect these two things, you are on the safe side. Speak up Regarding the Plot and Analyse It What do you usually understand after reading a piece of literature writing? How do the events influence the characters’ fates? How does the author build up a plot and does it matter when it comes to the final result? Identify and Discuss the Writer’s Methods Used in Literature Works Try to find out on your own how the author so brightly depicts the scene: is it the language? Or maybe rhetoric devices? Make sure you interpret the methods correctly. Read between the Lines It is very important to be able to dig deeper and make sense of what you find there. You must connect the dots and analyse those connections. Give Your Opinion Learn to form your own, original viewpoint on the basis of what you have read because during the exam you’ll have to state it as well as support it with quotes or relevant material. Pheeeww †¦ That’s quite a list. That’s what they teach you to do during training courses because such kind of skills you can’t just read about and acquire. You have to gain them in practice. So, try hard because English literature GCSE is not the easiest subject to pass (if there is such at all).

Employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment relations - Essay Example The inequalities in society normally fall under the above mentioned heads (Andrews, 2007, Livesey, 2006). Discrimination of employees or inequalities of employees means treating an employee different from others. This is a very serious offence and is illegal for companies to treat employees differently. A company can be faced with a lot of legal issues and employees have the rights to even sue the company (Epstein, 1995). The next section focuses on the different basis of inequalities among employees at work places. Explanations of the causes for these issues are also discussed. Direct Discrimination: This type of discrimination refers to when employees discriminate among employees because of their sex, martial status or because of gender reassignment. This type of discrimination does not have a strong basis and employers tend to discriminate for reasons that are unlawful and invalid (Direct Gov, 2008). Indirect Discrimination: This type of discrimination is when employers put down certain invalid reasons to build certain working practices or rules within an organization. Rules such as fixing a minimum height which might discriminate against most women or even cases where employers refuse to employ part time workers for no valid reason (Direct Gov, 2008). Harassment: This is a very common sight in a lot of offices. This however is now being taken very seriously and laws relating to this have been tightened over the past few years. In this kind of discrimination the employees face offensive behaviour from employers or others within the organization. There can be passing of sexual remarks or gestures, or allowing of sexually explicit material to be displayed or distributed within the organization. Some employees also face the issue of being offensively nick named because of gender (Direct Gov, 2008). Victimization: This form of discrimination is seen in many offices when an employee has had the courage to

Bridge of Madison County Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bridge of Madison County - Essay Example The man in the pickup is Robert Kincaid, a photographer for National Geographic (Clint Eastwood), who has come to finish an article on the local bridges. He, however, is having some difficulty finding the Rosamunde Bridge. Francesca has problems describing how to get there so she goes along to show him. They seem to become friends quickly. Francesca, during the conversation invites Kincaid back to the farmhouse for dinner. Household meals are normally quiet and this one has lively conversation and interest. They seem to have a quick connection as they discuss their dreams. Francesco realizes though that she is attracted to this man and she has been very loyal to her husband is conflicted about the thoughts of betraying him. Francesca is in emotional turmoil as she falls in love with Kincaid but cannot betray her family or the man she is married to. While she is with Kincaid, she is a whole different person and of course as many people’s lives are sometimes changed by others, she cannot remain that way. Kincaid is also in love with Francesca and he tries to tell her that this kind of lover only comes along once in a lifetime and please do not throw it away. The favorite scene happens when Francesco has come to town with her husband. She goes out to get in the truck. As she sits there in the rain, a pickup truck pulls up. Kincaid is in the truck. He gets out, standing in the rain looking at Francesca and Francesca looking at him. She wants to go to him but doesn’t. When her husband comes out of the store, he gets in his truck. He pulls out and her husband pulls in behind him. He reaches in the glove compartment and pulls out her necklace and hangs it on the rearview mirror. She almost gets out of the truck to go with him but doesn’t. You are on the edge of the seat the whole time. You also know it is wrong for her to go but you want her to anyway. She doesn’t. In reality the movie tells the story of what happens when life

Law (International Business) - Problem Question Essay

Law (International Business) - Problem Question - Essay Example In the case of Shipping Corporation of India Ltd v Gamlen Chemical Co (A/Asia) Pty Ltd (1980)147CLR 142 (High Court of Australia, 1980), the facts of the case was that the carrier – Shipping Corporation of India Ltd was contracted to transport goods to Gamlen from Sydney in Australia. During the ship’s passage it encountered heavy weather and rough seas in Australian waters. On arrival the goods were found to be in damaged. The shipper sued the carrier for breach of article 3(2) of the Hague-Visby Rules which requires that the goods be carefully loaded, handed, cared for and discharged. The court of Australia found that the damage to the goods was the result of a combination of factors involving perils at sea and improper stowage. Therefore the carrier was not allowed to invoke the Article 4 exceptions which allows for perils at sea. This was due to the carrier’s failure to exercise due diligence which was considered to be a concurrent or dominant cause of the da mage sustained. The carrier could not therefore deny responsibility for the losses suffered by the shipper in circumstances where the carrier’s failure to exercise due diligence was one of the causes of the losses incurred.

Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socioeconomic Groups

Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socioeconomic Groups The research reported in this thesis was on Analysis of Consumption Patterns of Different Socio Economic Groups. The purpose of research was to study the socio-economic impact of consumption of the households and how they spend their income. The secondary data was collected by consultation of literature in the libraries and Internet and also from the material printed by different academic journals. The primary data was gathered by floating questionnaires and conducting several different interviews. Stat graphic software was applied to analyze data for multiple regression analysis and the results were interpreted by usual principles of statistics. The findings suggested that the consumption was a very crucial function of income but there were other factors apart from income that affected the level of consumption of household and their preferences. This would have an effect on the economic level as well, hence marketers should know and understand the needs of the household to target th ere product and services to households for betterment of the society as well as profitability of the firm. INTRODUCTION Overview of the topic under consideration Consumption is a topic on which a lot of research has been carried out by the economists and psychologists to know what leads to different levels of satisfaction from consumption what factors lead to variation in consumption patterns of households with same income levels. This research paper intends to find out important factors that influence the consumption levels of various households, whether the individual preference has impacts or not while making consumption decisions on a household level. What boundaries restrict the consumption levels? The consumption pattern in Pakistan has improved over the years for various reasons such as increase in incomes and more availability of different kinds of goods and services but there always have been class conflicts present hence leading to disparities among rich and the poor classes. So the growth in consumption has been in different amounts among the different socio economics groups this leads to an immense increase in the social stratification. Apart from factors such as size of the family, occupation, structure of the family, standard of living and location one of the factors that has direct relation with the consumption is population. If the population increases the consumption level changes drastically. Similarly if the population consists of elderly or has baby boomers the pattern of consumption is affected greatly by the type of goods and services produced in the economy is affected moreover consumption patterns influence the dispersion of income and at times leads to motivation for earning a higher wage and this thesis would provide us with the deeper understanding of consumers and their household consumption pattern and their motivation behind earning and spending in a particular manner. Background of the topic Consumption function in economics is the relationship between consumer spending and the various factors that are determining it the consumption function comes into formation due to accumulated spending of all the households in the economy hence at the Economic level the uniqueness of consumption functions are imperative for many questions in both macroeconomics and microeconomics. At the smaller level that is the household or family level, these factors may comprise of income, wealth, expectations about the level and riskiness of future income or wealth, interest rates, age, education, and family size. Individual level the consumption function is also inclined by the consumers preferences that are behavioral in nature such as patience, or the willingness to delay gratification, by the consumers approach towards risk, and by whether the consumer wishes to leave a inheritance to their family members. Theories and hypothesis were developed by Keynes on consumption patterns these were evolved from the early studies that supported the fact the short run marginal propensity to consume was much more stable when compared with average propensity to consume. Economists further more refined the original work of Keynes and came up with theories of permanent income hypothesis, theory of life cycle hypothesis and demonstration effect hence they were able to establish the fact that consumption was extremely responsive to income changes on which Duesenberry tried to refute it with demonstration effect hypothesis. These theories still could be found in various economic text books Economists developed Engel curves these curve showed consumption levels and patterns graphically they even derived budget constraints curves with the help of indifference curves providing a lot of evidence as how and what effects the consumption that in turn shows the status and the lifestyles of an individual household in the economy. Importance of the study with respect to the world Consumption level helps in identifying the level of demand of goods and services in the economy and the type of goods and services that are demanded in a particular economy and indicate what sort lifestyle a particular society is enjoining example Americans are famous for not saving and they consume a lot of consumer non durable items when compared with rest of the world .Hence saving hampers consumption and can greatly affect overall demand in the economy if there is a lot of saving in the economy marginal propensity to consume goes down showing that saving and consumption has a negative relationship. This could lead to greater problems at a macroeconomic level such as reduction in aggregate demand and unemployment of resources in the economy here government also needs to intervene and to improve the economy this would be achieved by increasing demand by increasing the government spending. These days consumption patterns are highly influenced by multinational or transnational companies this phenomena is known as mass consumption or consumerism. Consumption of goods produced by MNCS or TNCs has lead to the adoption of different cultures and consumption patterns in a local household a common example of this would of Mc Donalds today you might be in any part of the world but you would always find a branch of Mc Donalds due to globalization in the economy would lead to greater choices that an individual would face while making consumption decisions hence changing consumption patterns of a very traditional economy like Pakistan. Other factor that could potentially change the consumption pattern would be technology as traditional goods and services would become redundant and no longer will be demanded hence this would lead to fluctuation in consumption levels as well as the patterns of consumption. There is high inequality in consumption patterns among different countries due to differentiation in social classes differentiation and difference in per capita income, population and various other factors there are market biases on the bases of luxury or mass consumption of goods. Importance of study with respect to Pakistan Since Pakistan is a developing country it has a lot of different classes and a lot of population mostly consisting of children and teenagers with such a diverse society there is a lot of difference in consumption level and patterns they are influenced by income, religion, locality in which a particular household resides and the occupation of the head of the household is since Pakistan has a strong culture of saving and transferring bequest to future generation hence how does a particular household decides what to consume and how to consume? We consume a lot differently when compared with the western society as they focus on more luxury items and consumer durable goods on the other in our society households focuses on basic necessities of life. More over there is a lack of studies that have been carried out on the consumption pattern of socio economic groups that are prevalent in Lahore. Reference groups play an important role in determining the consumption patterns of various households and demonstration effect has the strongest effect on the consumption of the households in Lahore among the various different classes. This research paper would help to unravel the preference of the households and the types of goods that they consume and how do they decide and come to common grounds while they consume as in single unit of family since we have a very strong culture of living together in extended families. As many generations are living and consuming together the basket of goods and services that they consume would be highly differentiated. But these days trends are changing and people are moving towards nucleus family system and Pakistan is enjoying a lot of female participation in work force hence will this new trend affect the way a family consumes as a household? Secondly Lahories as consumer have a lot of choice and since at this day and age a lot trend is shifting toward mass customization this research paper would allow to analysis such trends in Lahore. Research question Consumption patterns of different socio-economic groups take into consideration the three main social classes the elite class, the middle income group and the lower income group that resides in three different localities of Lahore namely interior Lahore or the old Lahore, Allama Iqbal Town and Defence housing authority. Households with different casts and religion would be targeted to cover the maximum number of the different socio economic group. There is a lot of diversity in terms of socio economic groups in Lahore hence their consumption patterns also varies drastically they have income that ranges from 3000 rupees monthly to more than 80,000 rupees. A developing country like Pakistan faces a lot of discrimination in terms of income disparities, low income per capita income and a growing population that effect consumption as a whole. The research question for my thesis is a combination of macroeconomics and consumer behavior. It would provide us with the deeper understanding of consumers and their household consumption patterns. This would further allow producers to target and position their products in such a way that they become an integral of household consumption and as a result the economy can flourish. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Ying (2003) conducted a research explaining the fact how children influenced the spending patterns of family and in about 27.8% of families, childrens consumption uses one third of the familys total income. In 35.6% of families, childrens consumption uses 40% of the familys total income. In 19.4% of families, childrens consumption takes one half of the familys income. And in 7.4% of families, childrens consumption takes over one half of the familys income. Thus in most families, the childs consumption level is higher than the average per capita consumption of the family. He highlighted various factors such as higher education levels for children including extra amounts paid for private education and tutors moreover more recreational activities and high end gadgets like mobiles phone, laptops and increased expense towards health care of the children. Krueger and Perri (2005) found out in a research paper that increase in income inequality in U.S.A was prevailing but there was no inequality consumption. This was because of different trends within-group inequality which was faced an increase in income and a little less increase consumption. They developed a simple framework to identify analytically that how income inequality could result in consumption inequality with respect to standard incomplete market model thus they wanted to document this consumption inequality facts from the U.S data. They have used data from the Consumer Expenditure (CE) Survey for the years 1980-2003. Cutler (2005) tries to identify implied marginal propensity to consume out of a given income level in Hong Kong for doing this he develops a proxy measure for labor income then tries to estimate consumption function with respect to life cycle model. The author develops a reliable relation between proxy measure of labor income and long run propensity to consume the estimate calculated comes out to be 0.87 for Hong Kong depicting the fact the marginal propensity to consume is in line with other industrial countries of the world. Carroll, Fuhrer and Wilcox (1994) conducted a research paper which talks about habit formation that is the consumption done when a household is not enjoying same level of income as it did previously but the consumption patterns of the household remains the same. Secondly they tried to analyze the impact of consumer sentiments on the consumption patterns taking into considerations the various economic variables into account. They ruled out permanent income and pure life cycle hypothesis and stated consumer spending is an unclear measure of uncertainty when uncertainty increases the level of consumption falls hence leading to precautionary savings. Chow, Fung and Ngo (2001) did a research about the Chinese economy and Chinese entrepreneurs who have grown along with the Chinese economy this consumer group is the most influential in consuming expensive goods and services. This research paper compares and contrasts the consumption habits of low income business with that of entrepreneurs coming to conclusion that small businesses incomes are transitory and more volatile hence their consumption is less and they tend to save more on the other hand entrepreneurs earn more and spend more lavishly on meals, traveling, private education and luxury items. Geographic locations and socio-demographics of household have significant effects on the tastes and preferences. Similarly socializing activities that are carried out by the entrepreneurs are the second largest expense in their budgets as they need a lot of networking to carry out the business. But on the other hand low income groups tend to spend a large proportion of expenditure on act ivities such as medical care, socializing and education of their children. The authors have run a regression model using various factors such socio demographics and other factors to find out strongest affecting variable. Aydin (2006) talks about the consumption patterns in turkeys different socio economic classes and finds out that globalization has led to transformation, reconfiguration and reformulations of class structure and this is leading to social shifts from class based politics to identity politics, ideology to lifestyles and mass production to consumption these forces have fuelled the social change hence leading to emergences of new middle class living a new leisure lifestyle. The research reapproved the fact that social class variables had a significant on consumption income had the strongest positive effect of all at the consumption level simultaneously income did not alter the influence of class difference. Education had effected the class differentiation the group with higher education had better living standards thus making education important mediating factor. The analysis in this research paper depicted the class structuration results due to interaction income, education levels, and residential location. Phipps and Burton (1998) did a research where they assume that the household consumer behavior is equal to household utility function and this function is maximized with respect to single budget constrain and incomes from both the partners are pooled. But both the partners have different utility functions; the households comprising of teenagers with incomes add more complication to analysis hence they preferred to avoid it. They found household income, education levels of husband and wife, region, level of urbanization, age and number of children is of great importance to household utility curve. Income earned by the wife is more likely to be used for restaurant food, her clothes and kids clothes. Whereas husbands income is allocated towards transportation, they considered clothing as personal private good and it increased with the levels of income of each individual. Thomas (1993) this paper tries to find out whether all household members share same preferences or they are dictated by any one member of the household. Data taken into consideration is from a survey carried out by Instituto Brasilleri De Geografia they came to a conclusion that when income is in hands of females shares of expenditure increases towards housing, education, health, household services and recreation when males are given the budget they tend to spend excess on health, household service and recreation. Education is considered intervening variable for earning hence increase in consumption, so they exclude education from demand function and include it as a valid instrument for total income. The researchers have come to these conclusions by conducting linear and quadratic models on the complied data. Bonney (1988) previously sociological analyst of British class structure consider males as the only major determinant of the social class position of the household along with time the trends have changed today there is greater involvement of married females in paid work. This phenomenon is making wives extremely important in family budgets and the socio class location of the household, a husbands increase in wage would negatively affect females participation in paid work but on the other hand the increase in wives earning would have smaller but negative effect on their counterparts income. This increases their say in consumption as they are now more economically active. Sommer (2003) discuses that under habit formation it is difficult for the households to adjust to their new income levels this happens gradually if a tax cut is implemented they respond to such policy slowly. But some consumers save a specific amount of income as a precautionary measure to maintain a similar standard of living. Megir (2004) talks about the theory of consumption function that played a vital role in explaining Keynesian demand management. Transitory tax policy or transitory income could have insignificant effect on real consumption though income is more volatile than consumption but the long run marginal propensity to consume out of the income is higher than the short run. Dorlando(2010) carried out a research to investigate the importance of behavioral principals in micro-foundation of Keynes consumption theory. It was concluded that behavioral instead of maximizing principals can be rightfully considered as possible for micro foundation for Keyness work. He said there are chances of cross fertilization of Keynesian approach and behavioral sciences in reference to theory consumption function. This research showed that utility maximization is not the major focus Keynes representation of individuals behavior and many subjective factors are included in the consumption theory lastly the traditional aggregate consumption function is immensely based on maximizing agents. Khan and Dhar (2004) carried out a research on behavioral decision theoretic perspective on hedonic and utilitarian choices and they found out that difference between purchase and consumption of goods and service found out that there is a very thin line which consumer does not even realize and decision making of consumption is merely affected by income, preference and lifestyle of the consumer. Tai and Tam (1997) discussed the lifestyle of females that was changing due to the different socio economic factors such as delayed marriage, smaller family size and single parents have lead to changing dynamics of consumer market as a result the consumer preference are changing and consumption pattern of the families. All these research papers have added a new dimensions to the topic under consideration emphasis on the fact consumption is a vital function of income but there are many other factors that influence the consumption pattern there are incidence when two households with sane income level may have different consumption pattern due to lifestyle, preference and the stage of lifecycle they are in as a household greatly affects the consumption patterns. All these researches try to explore the behavior patterns that are crucial for molding the consumption pattern all these researches have added different key reasons and not a single research as been able to come up with any common behavior traits in the different societies of the world this phenomena indicate that the consumption patterns changing according to society the house hold resides in. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY Research type The research undertaken would be quantitative research a lot of facts and figures would be included they would help to support the arguments that will be established after critically analyzing the results obtained by this research Data type and research period The research would be primary and secondary as a lot of previous research papers have been consulted for reference and further data would be collected regarding the Pakistani economy and how does an average Pakistan person consumes this research would be carried out in 2011 the data under consideration is cross sectional since its both secondary and primary . Sources of data The data would be collected through tailor made questionnaire that would help us to support our arguments and allow us come to a sound conclusion and recommendation at the end of the thesis. Secondly interviews the different retailers of the locality would be conducted to reduce the biases in the questionnaire as people hesitate to provide fair information. Thirdly I would take into consideration my own observation that would facilitate better understanding of the topic as well as its evaluation. The questionnaire was floated in among three various locations where many different socioeconomics groups were prevalent According to the questionnaire analysis the percentage of male and female is in the ratio of 42% and 58% respectively. Almost twenty different casts were targeted they showed that on average a household spends 50% of their income on food and 20% of income is spend on clothing and 10% of income is spend on housing, schooling and about 20 different casts were targeted through the questionnaires that floated among the three different localities respectively (see appendix A) The left over income is utilized by directed it towards saving and entertainment expenditure the ratio of income directed towards savings and entertainment expenditure is about 20% see appendix. In the various interviews that I have conducted, I found out that there is significant difference in the way the different socio economic groups spend their income and their consumption varies accordingly see appendix. The population of Pakistan is mostly humongous with a very s small numbers of minorities that are prevalent in Lahore basically the population trends majorly consists young population. Theoretical framework and variables under consideration Operational definitions Standard of living: It would include income spent on consumer durables, non- durables, health, recreation and entertainment, social services and luxuries goods by the households, larger the amount of the income spent on these goods would indicate that the household enjoys a higher level of standard of living and would be consuming a larger proportion of disposable income. Size of the family: The number of the people living together under one roof and consuming the pooled income i.e. An identical source of income despite the fact whether they are related or not would be considered as a family. Structure of the family: type of household taken into consideration would be nuclear family structure or the extended family structure apart from the two parents or the single parent households, all of these types of households are very common in Pakistan though the recent trends are shifting to nuclear family structure. Location: This would take into consideration the area in which a particular household resides there are three localities under considerations in this research paper, each of these localities would be depicting different socio economics classes in terms of income, standard of living, occupation and sizes and structure of the families living there. Occupation: The means from where the households generates income for consumption purposes this would even account for income generated from assets that a particular household maintains e.g. rent on assets or return on capital and things like credit cards would also be included as they tend to increase the disposable income for the household thus allowing them to attain a higher consumption level. The life-cycle model: it states that save when people are young for their old age they do this to dis-save in their old age as they have no other income sources to support their consumption. Hence this would lead to fluctuations in consumption patterns. They can finance their old age either by selling off the assets that they have accumulated in their young or by saving income. Discussion Economic model of the income spent on consumption was developed by John Maynard Keynes he mastered this area of economics by developing various theories such as absolute income hypothesis, which supports and states that consumption is solely a function of disposable income earned in that period of time in that. Difference between predictions of Keyness and other economists leads to various empirical data sets, in the long run, this led to a number of other theories related to consumption that emerged after Keynes work-most prominently, these were based on relative income (Duesenberry), permanent income ( Milton Friedman ), and life-cycle income (Modigliani and Brumberg). Keynes stated that a change in income will result in a relatively smaller change in consumption; the marginal propensity to consume will be less than one. Keynes also argued that the marginal propensity to consume will be less than the average propensity consumed, which in return stated that consumption declines as a percentage of income as income rises or we can say antagonistically as income increases the consumption decreases. Short-run studies broadly depict the consumption function of this sort, but long-run data showed that the marginal propensities and the average are roughly equivalent. The relative income hypothesis supports consumption related to other households and their past income. Firstly it implies that the proportion of income consumed by the household remains same, assuming that the position of a household remains constant in the long run on the distribution curve. This provides us with the long-run evidence. If the household is placed on the higher side, propensity to consume stays on the lower average. Secondly household is easier adjusted with the rising incomes as compared to the falling incomes this is known as ratchet effect which handles the consumption when there is a decline in the income this is mainly due to habit formation of consumption by the households. The measurement of life time income is an issue of key importance to measure consumption as a function. Permanent income hypothesis states that consumption pattern is directly dependent on the total income and the total wealth which an individual expects to earn over their lifetime. The life-cycle hypothesis on the other hand assumes that individuals that consume a steady proportion of their income and that the present value of their life time income as a measure in a number of financially various areas of life where an individual earns different amount of income at various ages such as, childhood, adolescence , and old age CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS Result generated through software stat graphic Multiple Regression equation y = 0.747966 + 0.152745*location + 0.11217*occupation + 0.100276*size of the family + 0.142338*standard of living + 0.267032*structure of the family The results of the multiple linear regression model to the raw that was collected by the questionnaire, describes the relationship between y and 5 independent variables. The equation of the model that is mentioned below is showing how strong relation each independent variable has with the dependent variable y. y = 0.747966 + 0.152745*location + 0.11217*occupation + 0.100276*size of the family + 0.142338*standard of living + 0.267032*structure of the family In view of the fact that the P-value in the ANOVA table is less than 0.01, there is a statistically there is a strong relationship between the variables at the 99% confidence level. The R-Squared statistic shows that the model as fitted explains 99.0259% of the variability in y. The adjusted R-squared statistic, which is more appropriate for comparing models with different numbers of independent variables, is 23.2334%. The standard error of the estimate demonstrates the standard deviation of the residuals to be at the figure of 0.51929. The mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.373951 is the average value of the residuals. Hence this statistical information ensures that the statistical model that is developed is statistically strong and could be accepted as good model for the research paper. In determining whether the model can be cut down or not, notice that the highest P-value on the independent variables is the figure of 0.2039, belonging to size of the family Since the P-value is greater or equal to 0.10, that term is not statistically significant at the 90% or higher confidence level. Consequently, I could even remove size of the family from the model as this variable has p- value greater than 0.10. Research hypothesis Size of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Occupation affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Structure of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Standard of living affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Location of households affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Discussion of hypothesis Now these research hypotheses would now be discussed in detail so that we now as to what could be the possible reason of these hypotheses to be rejected. Stat graphic was used to generate the multiple regression analysis. Size of the family affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant H1: insignificant Reject H0 because P value is more than 0.01% The p-value of this particular hypothesis turned out to be 0.2039 which shows that this value is greater than 0.01 hence, Size of family hypothesis gets rejected because of the fact major respondents think and strongly believes on the fact the responsibility of every soul is on Allah hence many respondents said they dont consider the size of their family when they spend their income and many Pakistani head of the families said that they earn for their families to provide them with comfortable life hence they dont even bother with the size of their family this fact is one of the main reasons of Pakistanis high population . This phenomenon is highly prevalent in low income groups. But middle income and high income groups try to spend strategically. Occupation affects the consumption pattern of socio-economic groups H0: significant

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When doing business meetings in Italy punctuality is not a priority, being late with a good reason will not have any negative consequences. The typical business hours of stores in Italy are from eight am to one pm and from three pm to seven pm and usually do not open on Monday mornings. Some major stores will stay open through lunch breaks some may not. Malls and Food Markets are open all week except on Sundays, although there are some specific Sundays which they do open. In major cities supermarkets are open from 9am till 9pm and are open Monday through Sunday. The bank hours in Italy are from eight thirty am to one thirty pm, and then they have a break for about two hours or so and return to work at three till four thirty in the afternoon. Banks are not open on the weekends or on national holidays. Post offices work from eight thirty am until six thirty in the afternoon; they are open from Monday’s through Saturday’s. The Monetary Denomination in Italy is the euro. On e US dollar equals 0.73 Euros or 1.00 Euro has the value of 1.367 USD. In Italy the currency has more value than the currency in the United States. â€Å"In Italy they have twelve national holidays the first one is Capodanno which is celebrated on January first, this holiday is the celebration of the first day of the year. The second holiday is Befana celebrated on January six. This holiday is to celebrate the arrival of the three kings to the stable where newborn Jesus is staying with his parents, this holiday is like the holiday that is named â€Å"el dia de los Reyes magos† to Hispanics. The third holiday is named Carnevale; Carnevale is the period of relaxation and parting before Lent. The fourth holiday is Pasque, which is the same as Easter in the United States, this is... ...hen all of a sudden the company takes a hit because the business partners which you did business with did not look at the major risk factors and at the end your company is the ones who takes a hit, that is one of the major factors which you should look at. Another advantage you have for working with Italians is that the monetary denomination has more value than the monetary denomination in the United States. A disadvantage that your company may encounter is that Italians do not work much, which means that businesses are not opened the regular hours American businesses are open for; this means that there are many hours in which your company may not be making progress or making money. That is the only major disadvantage that may impact your business. Throughout this research paper you and your company can see more advantages that your company may have.